{"id":7804,"date":"2024-10-13T13:45:58","date_gmt":"2024-10-13T13:45:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/?p=7804"},"modified":"2024-10-13T13:46:31","modified_gmt":"2024-10-13T13:46:31","slug":"the-composting-process-with-a-knowledgeable-eye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/en\/blog\/the-composting-process-with-a-knowledgeable-eye\/","title":{"rendered":"The composting process through the eyes of a scientist (Part 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Composting involves the breakdown and transformation of bioavailable materials, in which microbial communities, i.e. unicellular and filamentous bacteria (actinomycetes or radionuclides) and eukaryotic fungi, play a major role.&nbsp;<strong>Composting consists of several stages, each with its own microbial composition.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:33px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" id=\"h-koszonjuk-szepen-a-cikk-szerzoje-prof-dr-karaffa-erzsebet-bal-oldalt-debreceni-egyetem\">Thank you very much! <mark style=\"background-color:#ffffff\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\"><strong>The author of the article Prof. Dr. Erzs\u00e9bet Karaffa<\/strong> <em>(left)<\/em> - <em>University of Debrecen<\/em><\/mark> \ud83d\udc69\u200d\ud83d\udd2c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-10.jpeg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"502\" height=\"334\" src=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-10.jpeg\" alt=\"Tricho Immune inventors\" class=\"wp-image-2692\" style=\"width:274px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-10.jpeg 502w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-10-300x200.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Prof. Dr. Erzs\u00e9bet Karaffa (left) and Dr. Csilla Kov\u00e1cs (right) <a href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.us8.list-manage.com\/track\/click?u=d80223ada1ef33303d6a8f053&amp;id=52d355a389&amp;e=21a5cf7c86\">Tricho Immun<\/a> the inventors of our organic and chemical-free...<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-a89b3969 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/en\/blog\/how-to-help-novices-with-tricho-immune-osse\/\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\">Find out more!<\/mark><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:34px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:35px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-mezofil-szakasz\">The mesophilic phase<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the initial, introductory stage, the compost temperature is higher than 25 \u00b0C (<strong>mesophilic phase<\/strong>). The present&nbsp;<strong>bacteria and fungi break down smaller molecules<\/strong>&nbsp;(e.g. sugars, amino acids). Bacteria at this stage may include plant, animal and human pathogens (e.g. pseudomonas, salmonella, E. coli), which die in the next high temperature stage, while mycorrhizal spores of the Glomeromycota group survive and are present in large numbers in the mature compost.&nbsp;<strong>The initial stage of filamentous fungi<\/strong>&nbsp;(tube and basidiomycete fungi, mycorrhizal fungi),&nbsp;<strong>and yeasts are also present.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:59px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-iTPIqAyPbPI-unsplash-scaled.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-iTPIqAyPbPI-unsplash-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"planting composting\" class=\"wp-image-7816\" style=\"width:422px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-iTPIqAyPbPI-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-iTPIqAyPbPI-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-iTPIqAyPbPI-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-iTPIqAyPbPI-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-iTPIqAyPbPI-unsplash.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-iTPIqAyPbPI-unsplash-600x400.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:59px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-termofil-szakasz-jellemzoi\">Thermophilic phase characteristics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the second stage, the temperature of the compost can rise up to 65 \u00b0C&nbsp;<strong>(thermophilic phase)<\/strong>. This<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>also called the degradation stage,&nbsp;<strong>where thermophilic microbes, which prefer high temperatures, break down various organic substances (fats, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin).<\/strong>&nbsp;At this stage, the diversity of microbes is reduced. The Gram-positive bacilli, which form the endospore (a thick-walled, resistant form of bacteria), clearly dominate. To achieve high temperatures, a humid environment, good air supply (aerobic processes take place) and the presence of sufficient nutrients on which the microbes can rapidly metabolize are necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:59px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/markus-spiske-k2BDz7QXuJM-unsplash-scaled.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/markus-spiske-k2BDz7QXuJM-unsplash-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"plant soil composting\" class=\"wp-image-7815\" style=\"width:287px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/markus-spiske-k2BDz7QXuJM-unsplash-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/markus-spiske-k2BDz7QXuJM-unsplash-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/markus-spiske-k2BDz7QXuJM-unsplash-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/markus-spiske-k2BDz7QXuJM-unsplash-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/markus-spiske-k2BDz7QXuJM-unsplash-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/markus-spiske-k2BDz7QXuJM-unsplash-600x900.jpg 600w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/markus-spiske-k2BDz7QXuJM-unsplash.jpg 1366w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:59px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In the next, ripening or cooling stage, the&nbsp;<strong>compost temperature<\/strong>&nbsp;to a temperature suitable for its environment, and the compost will again be populated by mesophilic microbes, increasing the diversity of microbes. They will break down the residual sugars, cellulose and hemicellulose, and at this stage humic substances will be formed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-bakteriumok-es-gombak-szerepe\">Role of bacteria and fungi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The thick-walled, previously present,<strong>&nbsp;Gram-positive bacteria&nbsp;<\/strong>Species of the Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) phylum, and bacteria belonging to a phylum other than the Gram-negative phylum present in the initial stage (e.g. Flavobacterium, Cytophaga) are present in this stage. In addition to these, Gram-positive actinomycetes (Actinomycetota strain) are also involved in the degradation of organic matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:59px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/cdc-BbP7rqIGB3c-unsplash-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1019\" src=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/cdc-BbP7rqIGB3c-unsplash-1024x1019.jpg\" alt=\"bacteria\" class=\"wp-image-7812\" style=\"width:350px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/cdc-BbP7rqIGB3c-unsplash-1024x1019.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/cdc-BbP7rqIGB3c-unsplash-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/cdc-BbP7rqIGB3c-unsplash-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/cdc-BbP7rqIGB3c-unsplash-768x764.jpg 768w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/cdc-BbP7rqIGB3c-unsplash-1536x1529.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/cdc-BbP7rqIGB3c-unsplash.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/cdc-BbP7rqIGB3c-unsplash-600x597.jpg 600w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/cdc-BbP7rqIGB3c-unsplash-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:59px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The molecules they produce give the compost and the soil its characteristic \"earthy smell\". The filamentous&nbsp;<strong>mushrooms<\/strong>&nbsp;they also reappear. The enzymes they produce are the most efficient at breaking down the cellulose and lignin polymer molecules in plant residues into smaller molecules that are utilised by other microbial groups, especially the abundant bacteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-komposztalas-elonyei-talajban\">Benefits of composting in soil<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Composting helps sustainable cultivation by breaking down plant waste, which is transformed into nutrients that can be re-used by plants. On the other hand&nbsp;<strong>the compost applied increases the diversity of microbes in the soil (biodiversity) and helps to maintain microbial communities important for soil life<\/strong>, and reproduction.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The use of compost can increase the&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.us8.list-manage.com\/track\/click?u=d80223ada1ef33303d6a8f053&amp;id=1c07651960&amp;e=22314eb958\"><strong>mycorrhizal<\/strong><\/a><strong>.&nbsp;<\/strong>At the same time, the use of compost reduces the number of plant pathogens that can be transmitted from the soil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:59px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/seth-cottle-lyMZdag-zgQ-unsplash-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/seth-cottle-lyMZdag-zgQ-unsplash-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Composting land\" class=\"wp-image-7814\" style=\"width:428px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/seth-cottle-lyMZdag-zgQ-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/seth-cottle-lyMZdag-zgQ-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/seth-cottle-lyMZdag-zgQ-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/seth-cottle-lyMZdag-zgQ-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/seth-cottle-lyMZdag-zgQ-unsplash.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/seth-cottle-lyMZdag-zgQ-unsplash-600x400.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:59px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-danuba-garden-tamogatas-a-komposztalasban\">Danuba Garden support in composting<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To help speed up the composting process, both in the compost bin and in the compost heap mulching process, the<a href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.us8.list-manage.com\/track\/click?u=d80223ada1ef33303d6a8f053&amp;id=e09f30ec42&amp;e=22314eb958\">Ino Bact N-Cell&nbsp;<\/a>which makes the degradation process more efficient by using two strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteria.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ino_Bact_N-cell_5L.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ino_Bact_N-cell_5L-741x1024.png\" alt=\"Ino Bact N-Cell\" class=\"wp-image-1838\" style=\"width:223px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ino_Bact_N-cell_5L-741x1024.png 741w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ino_Bact_N-cell_5L-217x300.png 217w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ino_Bact_N-cell_5L-768x1061.png 768w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ino_Bact_N-cell_5L-1112x1536.png 1112w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ino_Bact_N-cell_5L-600x829.png 600w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ino_Bact_N-cell_5L.png 1482w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ino Bact-N Cell<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:49px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The bacteria in it use the organic matter in the compost and soil, such as stalk residues, to build their bodies, and they capture a significant amount of nitrogen from the air for this decomposition process.  This is why it is important to have an airy compost. This way, when these bacteria die, this nitrogen will be in organic fixation, i.e. it will not be washed out of the upper root zone, but will be available for use by the plants. So with the finished compost, we can enrich our soil with organic matter and easily absorbed nitrogen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:59px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-D0acDFb38XE-unsplash-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-D0acDFb38XE-unsplash-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"composting\" class=\"wp-image-7813\" style=\"width:410px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-D0acDFb38XE-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-D0acDFb38XE-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-D0acDFb38XE-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-D0acDFb38XE-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-D0acDFb38XE-unsplash.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/jonathan-kemper-D0acDFb38XE-unsplash-600x400.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:59px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The preparation can be dissolved in 0.5 dl\/10 l of water and used for 1 m\u00b3 of compost or 200 m\u00b2 of surface area. The treatment can be repeated after a few months.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This bacteria-containing product works best in moist but aerated compost, so it is best to water and agitate\/loosen it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>\ud83d\udcf0 If you are interested in composting, don't miss our colleague Nelli&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.us8.list-manage.com\/track\/click?u=d80223ada1ef33303d6a8f053&amp;id=2afea623a8&amp;e=22314eb958\"><em>composting 1\u00d71&nbsp;<\/em><\/a><em>nor his article!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:67px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/en\/webshop\/\">Webshop<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/DanubaGarden\">Facebook<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/danubagarden\/\">Instagram<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/danubagarden.hu\/en\/#feliratkozas\">Subscribe to our newsletter\ud83d\udc8c<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Composting consists of several stages, each with its own microbial composition.\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7811,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[176,77],"tags":[72,76,73,507],"class_list":["post-7804","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ino-bact-n-cell","category-tippek","tag-bio","tag-fenntarthato","tag-gazdalkodas","tag-komposztalas"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.9 (Yoast SEO v26.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>A komposzt\u00e1l\u00e1s folyamata egy tud\u00f3s szem\u00e9vel (2. r\u00e9sz) - DanubaGarden<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hogyan j\u00e1rulnak hozz\u00e1 a bakt\u00e9riumok \u00e9s gomb\u00e1k a biol\u00f3giailag hasznos\u00edthat\u00f3 anyagok lebont\u00e1s\u00e1hoz? 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